London’s Docklands have gone through huge change in the last 70 years – from being one of the busiest ports in the world, to falling into disuse as cargo ships outgrew the Thames.
Docklands has seen vast industries come and go – you no longer see thousands of stevedores unloading cargo ships, or exotic animals on the quayside. We've documented two of the attempts to replace those lost industries with urban regeneration. The same warehouse that once stored tonnes of tobacco is now a dance floor, and what was once a 900 year-old fish market now hosts film premieres.
Tobacco Dock
An electric trolley carrying tobacco, 1925
Outside M Warehouse, Royal Victoria Dock; ID no. PLA/PLA/PM/6/1/102/4
The Tobacco Dock was built in 1811 in response to the burgeoning trade demands of the British Empire. It is a huge warehouse, and was initially used to store the tonnes of tobacco imported from newly-independent Virginia. It could store up to 13,000 metric tons awaiting payment of duty, with room for 8 million gallons of wine in the vaults underneath. In one corner was a furnace named the ‘Queen’s Pipe’, which was used to burn any goods on which tax wasn’t paid – on one occasion “45,000 pairs of French gloves” were reportedly burnt here.
A sample of tobacco being inspected by a Customs Official
Royal Victoria Dock, c.1930-1940; ID no. PLA/PLA/PM/6/1/102/3
As London’s shipping trade declined in the 20th century though, the Dock fell out of use. In 1989 it was bought and remodelled into a shopping mall by architect Sir Terry Farrell. Since it was Grade I-listed, all its glorious, original furnishings remained, with retail plots fitted in between the arched brick vaults. Unfortunately neither London’s transport network nor housing developers had quite reached Wapping, and the flow of customers was almost non-existent. By 1995 only a single restaurant and a sandwich bar remained, both serving the employees of News International, which had moved its headquarters to Docklands in 1986. You can read more about the atmosphere of the Tobacco Dock in a fascinating blog charting the Dock’s decline. The sandwich shop, Frank & Steins, remarkably limped on until 2008, when the husk of a shopping centre finally closed.
In 2012 it was used to house soldiers, who were deployed to help provide security for the Olympic Games after contractor G4S was found to be chronically understaffed. Since it has hosted events ranging from acid house raves to video game conventions.
Billingsgate Fish Market
Billingsgate - landing the fish
Illustration from 'London: a Pilgrimage' by Blanchard Jerrold and Gustave Doré, 1872. ID no. NN23607(152)
As one industry moved out of the Docklands, another moved in. Old Billingsgate Market was one of London’s oldest, established by royal charter at the beginning of the 15th century. 200 years later, a parliamentary Act was passed making the market fish-only – though eels could not be sold, as this privilege was given to Dutch fisherman on the Thames who had fed Londoners after the Great Fire (this is now rescinded and you can buy eels as you please). The market was originally sited on Lower Thames Street, just east of London Bridge, which was well-placed for merchant ships as they became too large to fit any further down the river.
As Lower Thames Street was widened in the 70s to allow for more street traffic, the market needed to find a new home. In 1982 it was relocated to the Docklands on the Isle of Dogs, where the last of the docks had just closed, but long before the rise of the Canary Wharf skyscrapers. The land was purchased by the Borough of Tower Hamlets, and leased to the City of London Corporation for a nominal rent paid in fish. And Old Billingsgate Market? It’s now used for film premieres and awards dinners.
You can find out more about the extraordinary changes that have transformed London's Docklands at the Museum of London Docklands.
