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People Town Life Invasion and Settlement Army Beliefs Crafts Roads and trade

People: in detail

Photograph of an archaeologist crouched on the left. A pale area runs to the right, which contains the burial, and is surrounded by a dark area that is evidence of a decayed timber mausoleum. In the foreground are four glass vessels still set into the soil. Magnifing glass image

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Excavating a child's grave at Spitalfields

Tacitus, the Roman historian recorded up to 30 000 living in Londinium. Modern archaeologists have used physical evidence and international comparisons to estimate the city's population. They calculate that only about 10 000 people lived here in AD60, rising to 20-25 000 by the early second century AD.

 
Photograph of a small grey cylindrical metal pot with a close fitting lid. Magnifing glass image

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An exciting discovery. When this sealed pot was opened the ointment inside was still soft!

What were their lives like?

Archaeologists have excavated several Roman cemeteries. The evidence gives us an insight into how Roman Londoners lived and died.

Most people died between the ages of 26 and 45.

Few skeletons show evidence of violent injuries, suggesting that Londinium wasn't a particularly dangerous place.

Most people probably died of old age or infectious disease.

Few people had either a very rich or very poor diet, though their teeth were often very worn.

After comparing skeletons from Londinium to those from elsewhere in Britain archaeologists believe that most Londoners probably originated here.

 
Photograph of a gold earring with a hook to go through a pierced ear. A triangular piece hangs down, and the pearl is hooked below it with a loop of gold wire. Magnifing glass image

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A beautiful gold and pearl earring

What did Roman Londoners look like?

Very little Roman clothing survives, but images suggest that people wore tunics or togas and cloaks.

A lot of leather shoes have been found in Londinium, ranging from hob nailed sandals to decorated boots.

Both sexes wore finger rings while women wore necklaces, bracelets and hairpins.

We know people used makeup and perfume because the containers they were kept in are common finds.

 
Photograph of two archaeologists standing in a trench beside the large stone sarcophagus

Discovering people

Close-up photograph of a carefully trowelled muddy surface. The woven gold wire survives in small patches.

Evidence of people

Photograph of a masonry wall with a parallel ditch in front. One archaeologist sits to the right with a clipboard, the other stands behind the wall

What is archeology?

Photograph of a trench containing a partly visible skeleton. At the top of the picture is an archaeologist crouched in the trench working.

People: who were they?